Generation-Skipping Trust

Generation-skipping trusts offer tax advantages through the ability to bypass a generation when leaving assets to heirs. For example, a settlor may leave an inheritance to his or her grandchild without ever transferring ownership of the assets to the child’s parents. Upon the death of the skipped generation, the assets pass tax-free to the beneficiary.

Generation-skipping trusts are not exclusive to grandparent-grandchild relationships. They can be set up for a variety of relationships, with the exception of spouses and ex-spouses.

An irrevocable trust that assigns a beneficiary who is younger than the settlor by at least 37 ½ years is called a generation-skipping trust. A settlor, also referred to as a trustor or grantor, can establish a generation-skipping trust as part of a comprehensive estate plan that aims to minimize tax liability.

Because a generation-skipping trust is a complicated legal entity, it’s a good idea to consider this financial instrument as early as possible — ideally when you begin planning your retirement.

According to the United States Code, generation-skipping trust rules include specific parameters regarding who can be appointed the “skip person.” These rules state that the skip person, or beneficiary, must be “a natural person assigned to a generation which is 2 or more generations below the generation assignment of the transferor.”

Generation-skipping trusts allow the settlor to avoid estate taxes that would be applied if the children, i.e., the next generation, took ownership of the assets.

If you’re thinking about creating a generation-skipping trust, you need to consider a few points.

First, the federal generation-skipping tax (GST) exemption amount, indexed for inflation, increased to $11.4 million in 2019 and $11.58 million in 2020. This means that you are allowed a lifetime generation-skipping tax exemption up to that amount against property you transfer.

Second, there is no rule that prohibits the next generation from accessing earnings on assets as long as the original assets remain in the trust for the skip person.

Lastly, the beneficiary does not have to be a blood relative. You can designate anyone who is at least 37 ½ years younger than you as the beneficiary of a generation-skipping trust.

According to the Tax Policy Center, “Congress enacted the generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax and linked all three taxes [estate, gift and generation-skipping transfer taxes] into a unified estate and gift tax” with the goal of closing the loophole that allowed families to avoid estate taxes.

As a result, generation-skipping trust distributions above the exemption threshold are subject to the 40 percent GST tax as defined by the federal tax code, as well as to any state inheritance or estate taxes that may apply.

If, however, the value of the assets in the trust falls below the exemption amount, no taxes are owed. This is true for any appreciation of the assets as well because all gains go directly to the beneficiaries. This means that even if the value of the assets in the trust increases beyond the exemption limit, you will not have to pay the generation-skipping transfer tax.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law in 2017, doubled the estate tax exemption until 2026. The high threshold means that most people will not have to pay the generation-skipping transfer tax, but for beneficiaries who receive assets that exceed the $11.58 million inflation-indexed exemption, the 40 percent top tax rate will be assessed on the taxable amount.

The 2019 gift tax was $11.4 million per individual. Therefore, you and your spouse would be able to gift $11.4 million each over your lifetime. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 has increased the annual lifetime gift tax exemption through 2025. In 2020, the gift tax increased to $11.58 million per individual. Consult a tax professional to determine the most tax-efficient way to gift your possessions.