Variable Rate CDs

A variable-rate certificate of deposit is a CD with a fixed term, but an interest rate that can change over the life of the CD. A variable-rate CD lets you put your money into a Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) insured account where its fluctuating rate can lead to higher returns during periods of high interest rates.

Terry Turner, Financial writer for Annuity.org
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  • Updated: May 17, 2023
  • 4 min read time
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APA Turner, T. (2023, May 17). Variable Rate CDs. Annuity.org. Retrieved June 9, 2023, from https://www.annuity.org/personal-finance/banking/certificate-of-deposit/types/variable-rate/

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Chicago Turner, Terry. "Variable Rate CDs." Annuity.org. Last modified May 17, 2023. https://www.annuity.org/personal-finance/banking/certificate-of-deposit/types/variable-rate/.

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A variable-rate CD is a type of savings account available through banks and credit unions. You may also find them through certain brokers.

All CDs are time deposits, meaning that you put money into a CD for a specific amount of time until it reaches its maturity date. The certificate of deposit pays you interest over this time – called the term of the CD.

Variable-rate CDs are a special type of certificate of deposit that allows the interest rate to fluctuate. This can be beneficial during times of high interest rates – allowing the rate of return to go up. But it can be a problem when interest rates are low – limiting the return on your investment.

How Do Variable Rate CDs Work?

Most CDs have a fixed-rate, which means that the interest rate when you first buy a certificate of deposit is the same for the term of the CD. But if interest rates go up after you buy a fixed-rate CD, you miss out on the higher return those higher interest rates would have provided if you’d waited to buy.

Variable-rate CDs allow the interest rate to fluctuate up and down based on several factors in the financial markets. This allows it to offer higher rates if interest rates rise after you buy a variable-rate CD.

But these same factors allow the rate to go down if interest rates drop.

Factors That Affect the Interest Rate for a Variable-Rate CD

Consumer Price Index
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is how the federal government measures the average change over time in prices urban consumers pay for a selection of consumer goods and services.
Market index levels
A market index is an imaginary or theoretical portfolio of investments used to measure the performance of different financial markets. These are usually based on the performance of a major financial index such as the S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Nasdaq Composite index.
Prime rate
The prime rate is an interest rate determined by what individual banks charge their customers with the highest credit ratings – those least likely to default on a loan. Banks use the prime rate to set interest rates on loans and other financial products.
Treasury bill yields
Treasury bill yields are the amount of interest the U.S. Treasury pays to borrow money through selling Treasury bonds. These rates vary depending on the term of the bond – or amount of time the money is loaned to the government by the bond buyer.

Variable-rate certificates of deposit – along with other types of CDs – are among the safest types of investments available. If issued through a federally insured bank or credit union, the total amount of all accounts in any one institution – including CDs – are federally insured up to $250,000.

Pros and Cons of Variable Rate CDs

You should weigh the pros and cons of a variable-rate CD before deciding if one is right for you. As with any investment, variable-rate CDs come with both advantages and disadvantages for the investor.

Pros and Cons of Variable-Rate CDs

PROS CONS

During times of low interest rates, there is the possibility of having a better return on your investment. During times of high interest rates, there is a risk of the variable-rate dropping lower over the term of the CD.
Variable-rate CDs are most profitable when interest rates are low.

If interest rates remain low for an extended period, or drop even lower, a variable-rate CD can hurt your investment.

The interest rate you earn can increase when overall interest rates rise.

You often have to pay extra for this “bump-up” feature on a variable-rate CD.
The early withdrawal penalty for a variable-rate CD is typically cheaper than for most other types of CD.

If inflation ramps up during the term of your variable-rate CD, it can outpace your rate – effectively wiping out any profit from your investment.

Because of the way variable-rate CDs work, they are most profitable when interest rates are low. But if rates remain low, or drop even more, they can hurt your return on investment.

Who Might a Variable Rate CD Work For?

Deciding whether a variable-rate CD is right for you depends on how you want your money to work for you.

CDs provide higher yields than traditional savings accounts and are a low-risk investment – most are federally insured.

CDs are typically favored by people who want flexibility on how long they invest a certain amount of money and those who want to diversify their portfolio with safer investment options.

Variable-rate CDs offer added flexibility to take advantage of rising interest rates, allowing you to cut losses or improve your investment returns in times of rising interest rates.

Understanding the interest rate environment is essential to making a wise investment decision when it comes to a variable-rate CD. A professional financial advisor can help you with that decision.

You should also compare your variable-rate CD choices with other types of CDs to see which one might be the best fit for you.

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Last Modified: May 17, 2023

13 Cited Research Articles

Annuity.org writers adhere to strict sourcing guidelines and use only credible sources of information, including authoritative financial publications, academic organizations, peer-reviewed journals, highly regarded nonprofit organizations, government reports, court records and interviews with qualified experts. You can read more about our commitment to accuracy, fairness and transparency in our editorial guidelines.

  1. Discover. (n.d.). How Are CD Interest Rates Determined? Retrieved from https://www.discover.com/online-banking/banking-topics/how-are-cd-interest-rates-determined/
  2. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (2021, October 18). National Rates and Rate Caps. Retrieved from https://www.fdic.gov/resources/bankers/national-rates/
  3. Gravier, E. (2020, November 29). 5 Factors to Pay Attention to When Choosing the Best CD for Your Money. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/select/how-to-choose-certificate-of-deposit/
  4. Gravier, E. (2020, November 8). You Can Earn More Interest When You Put Your Money in a CD – Here Are the Different Types Offered. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/select/types-of-certificates-of-deposits-cds/
  5. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Consumer Price Index. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
  6. U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2017, January 4). The Interest Rate Offered for CDs (Certificates of Deposit) Is Low. Is There Anything I Can Do About That? Retrieved from https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/the-interest-rate-offered-for-cds-certificates-of-deposit-is-low-is-there-anything-i-can-do-about-that-en-921/
  7. U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2016, August 15). What Is a Certificate of Deposit (CD)? Retrieved from https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-certificate-of-deposit-cd-en-917/
  8. U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (2020, May 8). Insured or Not Insured? Retrieved from https://www.fdic.gov/deposit/covered/notinsured.html
  9. U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (2012, June 12). Thinking of Buying a CD? What to Consider Before Handing Over Your Money. Retrieved from https://www.fdic.gov/consumers/consumer/news/cnspr12/buyingacd.html
  10. U.S. Federal Reserve. (2013, August 2). What Is the Prime Rate, and Does the Federal Reserve Set the Prime Rate? Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/credit_12846.htm
  11. U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. (2021, April). I Cashed My Certificate of Deposit (CD) Before It Matured, and the Bank Charged Me an Early Withdrawal Penalty. Can It Do That? Retrieved from https://www.helpwithmybank.gov/help-topics/bank-accounts/certificates-of-deposit/cd-early-penalty.html
  12. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n.d.). Certificates of Deposit (CDs). Retrieved from https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/investment-products/certificates-deposit-cds
  13. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n.d.). Equity-Linked CDs. Retrieved from https://www.sec.gov/fast-answers/answersequitylinkedcdshtm.html